Smart grid is the intelligentization of the grid, also known as “Grid 2.0â€. It is based on an integrated, high-speed two-way communication network, through advanced sensing and measurement technology, advanced equipment technology, and advanced control. The method and the application of advanced decision support system technology to achieve the goal of reliable, safe, economical, efficient, environmentally friendly and safe use of the power grid. Its main features include self-healing, motivating and including users, resisting attacks and providing users in the 21st century. Demand for power quality, access to a variety of different forms of power generation, start-up of the electricity market, and optimized and efficient operation of assets.
Basic introduction There are three milestones in the development of the smart grid concept:
The first is the "smart grid" solution proposed by IBM in the United States in 2006. IBM's smart grid is mainly to solve the safe operation of the grid and improve reliability. It can be seen from the white paper “Building Smart Grid Innovation Operation Management – ​​New Ideas for China's Power Development†released in China. The solution mainly includes the following aspects: The first is to increase the degree of digitization through sensors to connect assets and equipment; the second is the data integration system and data collection system; the third is the ability to conduct analysis, that is, based on the data already available for correlation analysis to optimize operation and management. The program provides a large framework, through the optimal management of all aspects of power production, transportation and retail, which provides a blueprint for related companies to improve operational efficiency and reliability, and reduce costs. It is a marketing strategy of IBM.
The second is the energy plan proposed by Obama after he took office. In addition to the announced plan, the United States will focus on upgrading the grid system that consumes $120 billion per year in circuit loss and fault repair, establishing the US across four time zones. Unified power grid; develop smart grid industry, maximize the value and efficiency of the US national grid, and gradually realize unified network management of solar, wind and geothermal energy in the United States; comprehensively promote distributed energy management and create the world's highest energy efficiency .
It can be seen that the US government's smart grid has three purposes. One is because the US grid equipment is relatively backward, and it is urgent to carry out renovation and transformation to improve the reliability of grid operation. Second, it is to pull the US out of the financial crisis through smart grid construction; Improve energy efficiency.
The third is the interactive grid proposed by Chinese energy expert Wu Jiandong. The interactive grid, English is Interactive Smart Grid, which covers the meaning of the smart grid. The interactive grid is defined as: based on the open and interconnected information model, through the loading system Digital equipment and upgraded grid network management system to realize intelligent, informational and hierarchical interactive management of power industry, such as power generation, transmission, power supply, electricity consumption, customer sales, grid dispatching, and integrated services. The comprehensive efficiency change of the revolution, the technological revolution and the management revolution will re-create the information loop of the power grid, build a new user feedback method, promote the overall transformation of the power grid into energy-saving infrastructure, improve energy efficiency, reduce customer costs, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To maximize the value of the grid.
The interactive grid can also form a network interaction and instant connection between users, users and grid companies through electronic terminals, realizing the real-time, high-speed, two-way overall effect of power data reading, realizing power, telecommunications, television, smart home appliance control. Multi-purpose development with integrated battery charging, realizing the resale of users' rich energy; integrating data in the system, improving the integration of the central power system, achieving effective critical load protection, realizing various power sources and customer terminals and power grids Seamless interconnection, which can optimize the management of the grid, upgrade the grid to a new mode of interactive operation, form a new service function of the grid, and improve the reliability, availability and overall efficiency of the entire grid.
The interactive grid is not only the basic model of the next generation global grid, but also the core of China's grid modernization. In fact, the essence of the interactive grid is energy substitution, compatible utilization and interactive economy. Technically, the interactive grid should be the most advanced integration of communications, IT, energy, new materials, sensors and other industries. It is also the distribution network technology, network technology, communication technology, sensor technology, power electronics technology, energy storage technology. Synthesis has a direct and integrated effect on promoting the new technological revolution. Thus, the smart grid is characterized by reliability, self-healing, economy, compatibility, integration and security. I believe that the essence of the interactive grid theory is to promote the most important property of the industrial revolution with the generative standards and technical means of the information revolution - the innovation and upgrading of the power grid system, and the interaction between consumers and grid managers.
The function of the interactive power grid and the social significance of the interactive grid theory is to use the information revolutionary standards and technical means to promote the most important asset of the industrial revolution - the innovation and upgrading of the power grid system, the establishment of consumer and grid management Interaction between people. The functions of the interactive grid include: First, the smart grid can realize intelligent transmission of data in two-way interaction, implementing a dynamic floating price system; second, it can use sensors to monitor the operating status of key equipment such as power generation, transmission, distribution, and power supply in real time. Data integration, when encountering the peak period of power supply, can timely dispatch between different regions, balance the power supply gap, so as to achieve optimal management of the entire power system operation; third, the smart grid can access new alternative energy sources Grid, such as solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, etc., to achieve distributed energy management; Fourth, it can improve power supply efficiency, reduce energy loss, improve power supply quality, and solve the commercial operation of power grids; fifth, smart meters can be used as Internet routers to promote the power sector Based on its end users, it conducts communication, broadband services or broadcasts television signals.
To this end, the deep revolution and energy revolution of the IT industry will become twin brothers, and the smart grid reform will promote the deep diffusion of the global energy revolution. By building an interactive grid, the IT revolution will be pushed into the innovation phase; consumers will be provided with a better path to reduce energy consumption; they will save costs for the entire society, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and promote a green economy.
Wu Jiandong believes that defining a concept to liberate an era, grasping a concept to renew the potential of an industry, and defining the concept of grid informationization is the basic premise for determining the modernization of a national grid. China's power grid upgrade route should be defined as the transformation of the interactive power grid. The development of the interactive power grid is a new industrial revolution, technological revolution and management revolution of the global industry and information industry. It should be based on this to formulate the strategic development of China's high starting point of power grid modernization. route.
Historical Development In 2005, Campbell invented a technology that used the principle of (Swarm group behavior) to coordinate the electrical appliances in the building and reduce the electricity consumption of the building during peak hours. Campbell invented a wireless controller that was connected to the building's appliances and enabled for effective control. For example, an air conditioner operates for 15 minutes to maintain the indoor temperature at 24 ° C; while the other two air conditioners may be out of service for 15 minutes while maintaining the indoor temperature. In this way, the energy saving goals of the entire building can be achieved without sacrificing each individual. This technology gives electrical appliances intelligence and improves energy efficiency.
In 2006, the European Council's Energy Green Paper "A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy" emphasizes that smart grid technology is a key technology and development to ensure the power quality of the EU grid. direction. At this time, the smart grid should refer to the automation technology in the transmission and distribution process.
In mid-2006, a company called GridPoint recently began selling an electronic product that could be used to monitor the power consumption of household circuits. It can adjust the electricity consumption of household appliances through Internet communication technology. This electronic product has a part of the interaction and can be seen as an infrastructure in the smart grid.
In 2006, IBM Corporation of the United States worked with global power professional research institutes and power companies to develop a "smart grid" solution. This program is likened to the “central nervous system†of the power system. Power companies can automatically monitor the grid, use sensors, meters, digital controls and analysis tools to optimize grid performance, prevent power outages, and restore power more quickly. Consumers' management of power usage can also be refined to each networked device. This can be seen as the most complete solution for the smart grid, marking the official birth of the smart grid concept.
In October 2007, East China Power Grid officially launched the Smart Grid Feasibility Study Project and planned a “three-step†strategy from 2008 to 2030, namely: the initial completion of the grid advanced dispatch center in 2010 and the full completion in 2020. A digital grid with preliminary intelligent features will truly build a smart grid with self-healing capabilities in 2030. The launch of the project marks the beginning of China's entry into the smart grid sector.
In 2008, Boulder, Colorado, became the first smart grid city in the United States. Every household has a smart meter. People can intuitively understand the price of electricity at that time, so that they can do things like washing clothes. , ironing clothes, etc. are arranged in the period of low electricity price. Electricity meters can also help people prioritize the use of clean energy such as wind and solar power. At the same time, the substation can collect electricity usage from each household. Once there is a problem, you can re-equip it with electricity.
In September 2008, Google and General Electric jointly issued a statement announcing that they are jointly developing a clean energy business, the core of which is to build a national smart grid for the United States.
On January 25, 2009, the White House's latest "Recovery Scale Report" announced that it would lay or renew 3,000-mile transmission lines and install smart meters for 40 million American homes - the United States will promote the overall revolution of the interactive grid. On February 2, Wu Jiandong, an expert on independent energy issues, clearly stated in the article “Integrating the Interactive Power Grid Revolution to Drive Economic Innovation and Transformation†that China's power grid urgently needs to implement the “interactive grid†revolutionary transformation.
On February 4, 2009, the Mediterranean island country Malta announced an agreement with IBM on Wednesday, the two sides agreed to establish a "smart public system" to digitize the country's power grid and water supply system. IBM and its partners will replace 50,000 ordinary electric meters in Malta with interactive meters, so that Malta's power plants can monitor electricity in real time and set different electricity prices to reward users who save electricity. The project is worth $91 million (70 million euros), including the creation of a sensor network in the grid. This sensor network, along with power lines, power stations, and other infrastructure, provides data that allows power plants to more efficiently distribute power and detect potential problems. IBM will provide software to collect analytical data to help power plants identify opportunities, reduce costs and emissions from carbon-intensive power plants in the country.
On February 10, 2009, Google said it has begun testing a power monitoring software called Google Power Meter. This is a beta online dashboard that is equivalent to Google being a public infrastructure for the information age.
On February 28, 2009, as part of the intelligent power grid construction of North China Company, the steady state, dynamic and transient trinity security defense and the whole process power generation control system of North China Power Grid passed the acceptance of the expert group in Beijing. For the first time, this system integrates the previously dispersed energy management system, power grid wide-area dynamic monitoring system, and online stability analysis and early warning system. The dispatcher can realize panoramic monitoring of the comprehensive operation of the power grid without frequent switching between different systems and platforms. And get assisted decision support. In addition, the system can effectively improve the standardization and process level of the grid-connected power plant management by setting up the grid-connected power plant management assessment and auxiliary service market quality analysis platform.
On March 3, 2009, Google said to the US Congress that it would adopt a non-monopoly standard when building a "Smart Grid."
The goal of the smart target smart grid is to achieve reliable, safe, economical, efficient, environmentally friendly and safe use of the grid. The grid can achieve these goals and can be called the smart grid. Smart grids must be more reliable—smart grids provide reliable power when and where users are. It raises sufficient warnings about possible problems with the grid and can tolerate most grid disturbances without powering down. It takes effective corrective action before the user is affected by a power outage to protect the grid user from power interruptions.
Smart grids must be more secure—smart grids can withstand physical and network attacks without large outages or high recovery costs. It is less susceptible to natural disasters. Smart grids must be more economical – smart grids operate under the basic rules of supply and demand balance, with fair prices and adequate supply. Smart grids must be more efficient—smart grids use investments to control costs, reduce power transmission and distribution losses, and make power production and asset utilization more efficient. By controlling the flow method, the transmission power is congested and the low-cost power supply is allowed to include access to renewable energy.
Smart grids must be more environmentally friendly – ​​smart grids reduce environmental impact through innovations in power generation, transmission, distribution, energy storage and consumption. Further expand access to renewable energy. Where possible, in future designs, smart grid assets will take up less land and reduce the actual impact on the landscape. Smart grids must be safe to use—the smart grid must not harm the public or grid workers, that is, the use of electricity must be safe.
Key Features The smart grid consists of eight main features that functionally describe the characteristics of the grid, rather than the specific technology of the final application, which form a complete picture of the smart grid.
The smart grid is a self-healing grid. "Self-healing" refers to isolating the problematic components of the grid from the system and allowing the system to quickly return to normal operation with little or no human intervention, thus virtually uninterrupting the power supply to the user. In essence, self-healing is the "immune system" of the smart grid. This is the most important feature of the smart grid. The self-healing grid conducts continuous online self-assessment to predict possible problems with the grid, identify existing or evolving issues, and immediately take steps to control or correct them. The self-healing grid ensures the reliability, safety, power quality and efficiency of the grid. The self-healing grid will minimize the interruption of power supply services, fully apply data acquisition technology, implement decision support algorithms, avoid or limit the interruption of power supply, and quickly restore power supply services. Probabilistic risk assessment based on real-time measurements will identify the equipment, power plants, and lines that are most likely to fail; real-time emergency analysis will determine the overall health of the grid, trigger early warnings that may lead to grid failures, and determine if an immediate inspection or take is needed Corresponding measures; communication with local and remote devices will help analyze faults, voltage drops, poor power quality, overload and other undesirable system conditions, based on these analyses, taking appropriate control actions. Self-healing grids often use a network design approach that connects multiple power supplies. When a fault occurs or other problems occur, advanced sensors in the grid equipment determine the fault and communicate with nearby equipment to remove the faulty component or quickly switch the user to another reliable power source, while the sensor has The ability to detect the precursor of the fault, notify the system of the condition of the equipment before the fault actually occurs, and the system will promptly provide early warning information.
Smart grid incentives and include users. In the smart grid, users will be an integral part of the power system. Encouraging and facilitating user participation in the operation and management of power systems is another important feature of smart grids. From the perspective of the smart grid, the user's needs are completely another manageable resource, which will help balance the supply and demand relationship and ensure the reliability of the system; from the user's point of view, power consumption is an economical Choosing, by participating in the operation and management of the grid, correcting the way in which it uses and purchases electricity, thereby achieving tangible benefits. In a smart grid, users will adjust their consumption based on their power needs and the balance of their ability to meet their needs. At the same time, the Demand Response (DR) program will meet the basic needs of users with more choices in energy purchases. The ability to reduce or shift peak power demand allows utilities to minimize capital expenditures and operating expenses by reducing line losses and reducing inefficiencies. The operation of the peaking power plant also provides a large number of environmental benefits. In the smart grid, the two-way real-time communication system established with the user is the basis for encouraging and promoting the active participation of users in the operation and management of the power system. Real-time notification of users' costs of power consumption, real-time electricity prices, current status of the grid, planned power outages, and other services, and users can also develop their own power usage plans based on this information.
The smart grid will defend against attacks. Grid security requires a system-wide solution that reduces the vulnerability to physical and cyber attacks on the grid and quickly recovers from power outages. The smart grid will demonstrate the ability to recover quickly after an attack, even from attackers who are determined and well-equipped. The design and operation of the smart grid will prevent attacks, minimize their consequences and quickly restore power services. Smart grids can also withstand attacks on several parts of the power system and multiple coordinated attacks over time. Smart grid security strategies will include deterrence, prevention, detection, and response to minimize and mitigate the impact on the grid and economic development. Regardless of whether it is a physical attack or a network attack, the smart grid should strengthen the ability of the smart grid to withstand risks by strengthening the close communication of major threat information between the power company and the government, emphasizing security risks in the power grid planning, and strengthening network security.
Smart grids provide power quality that meets the needs of users in the 21st century. Power quality indicators include voltage offset, frequency offset, three-phase imbalance, harmonics, flicker, voltage dips, and surges. Due to the digitization of electrical equipment, it is more and more sensitive to power quality. Power quality problems can lead to the suspension of production lines and significant losses to social and economic development. Therefore, providing power quality that meets the needs of users in the 21st century is another Important features. However, the issue of power quality is not a problem for power companies. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate new power quality standards and classify power quality because not all commercial enterprise users and residential users need the same power quality. Power quality can be graded from "standard" to "high quality", depending on the consumer's needs, it will balance the sensitivity of the load with the power quality of the power supply at a reasonable price level. The smart grid will provide different levels of power quality at different price levels to meet the user's demand for different power quality levels, and at the same time to write high quality and good prices into the contract for power services.
Smart grids will alleviate power quality events from transmission and distribution systems. Monitor the basic components of the grid with its advanced control methods to quickly diagnose and accurately propose solutions to any power quality event. In addition, the design of smart grids should also consider the reduction of power quality disturbances caused by lightning, switching currents, line faults and harmonic sources, as well as the latest research results of power electronics technology using superconductivity, materials, energy storage and improving power quality. The issue of power quality. In addition, the smart grid will adopt technical and management measures to protect the grid from the quality of power caused by the user's electronic load, and will limit the harmonic current generated by the user's load to the grid by monitoring and implementing relevant standards. In addition, the smart grid will use appropriate filters to prevent harmonic pollution from being sent to the grid, degrading the power quality of the grid.
The smart grid will allow access to a variety of different types of power generation and energy storage systems. The smart grid will safely and seamlessly allow various types of power generation and energy storage systems to access the system, simplifying the networking process, similar to “plug and playâ€, which poses a serious challenge to the power grid. Improved interconnect standards will make it easy to access a wide range of power generation and energy storage systems. From small to large, different capacities of power generation and energy storage can be interconnected at all voltage levels, including distributed power sources such as photovoltaics, wind power, advanced battery systems, plug-in hybrid vehicles and fuel cells. It is easier and more profitable for commercial users to install their own power generation equipment (including efficient cogeneration units) and power storage facilities. In smart grids, large centralized power plants, including environmentally friendly power sources, such as wind power and large solar power plants and advanced nuclear power plants, will continue to play an important role. Strengthening the construction of transmission systems has enabled these large power plants to still deliver electricity over long distances. At the same time, the access of various distributed power sources on the one hand reduces the dependence on external energy sources, on the other hand, it improves the reliability of power supply and the quality of power, especially corresponding to war and terrorist attacks.
The smart grid will make the power market boom. In the smart grid, advanced equipment and a wide range of communication systems support the operation of the market in each time period and provide sufficient data for market participants, so the power market infrastructure and its technical support system are booming in the electricity market. The key factor for development. Through the interaction of supply and demand in the market, the smart grid can most effectively manage parameters such as energy, capacity, capacity change rate, and power flow blockage, reduce trend blockage, expand the market, and bring together more buyers and sellers. Users can feel the price increase through real-time quotation, which will reduce power demand, promote lower cost solutions, and promote the development of new technologies. New clean energy products will also provide more choices for the market.
Smart grids optimize their asset applications to make operations more efficient. Smart grid optimization adjusts the management and operation of its grid assets to deliver the desired functionality at the lowest cost. This does not mean that assets will be used continuously to their limits, but to effectively manage what assets are needed and when they are needed. Each asset will be well integrated with all other assets to maximize its function. While reducing costs. Smart grids will apply the latest technology to optimize the application of their assets. For example, through dynamic assessment techniques to enable assets to perform at their best, they can be used under greater load by continuously monitoring and evaluating their capabilities.
The smart grid realizes the online condition monitoring of the running equipment through the high-speed communication network to obtain the running state of the equipment, and gives the signal of the equipment to be repaired at the most appropriate time, realizes the state maintenance of the equipment, and at the same time makes the equipment run in an optimal state. The system's controls can be adjusted to reduce losses and eliminate jamming. Through these adjustments to the system control unit, the lowest cost energy delivery system is selected to increase the efficiency of operation. Optimal capacity, optimal conditions and optimal operation will greatly reduce the cost of grid operation. In addition, advanced information technology will provide a large amount of data and data, and will be integrated into existing enterprise-wide systems, greatly enhancing its ability to optimize the operation and maintenance process. This information will provide designers with better tools to create the best design to provide planners with the data they need to improve their grid planning capabilities and levels. In this way, operating and maintenance costs and investment in grid construction will be managed more effectively.
Communication technology to establish a high-speed, two-way, real-time, integrated communication system is the basis for the realization of smart grid. Without such a communication system, the characteristics of any smart grid cannot be realized, because the data acquisition, protection and control of the smart grid require such communication. The support of the system, so the establishment of such a communication system is the first step towards the smart grid. At the same time, the communication system should be as deep as the grid to thousands of households, thus forming two closely connected networks—the grid and the communication network. Only in this way can the goals and main features of the smart grid be realized. The figure below shows the relationship between the grid and the communication network. The high-speed, two-way, real-time, integrated communication system makes the smart grid a large, dynamic, real-time information and power exchange interaction infrastructure. When such a communication system is completed, it can improve the power supply reliability and asset utilization of the power grid, prosper the power market, and resist attacks on the power grid, thereby increasing the value of the power grid.
With the completion of the high-speed two-way communication system, the smart grid achieves its most important feature—self-healing characteristics—by continuously self-monitoring and correcting, applying advanced information technology. It can also monitor various disturbances, compensate, redistribute the flow, and avoid accidents. The high-speed two-way communication system enables various intelligent electronic devices (IEDs), smart meters, control centers, power electronic controllers, protection systems, and users to communicate in a network, improving the ability to control the power grid and the level of quality service.
There are two main aspects of technology in this technology area that need to be focused on. One is the open communication architecture, which forms a “plug and play†environment that enables networked communication between grid components. A unified technical standard that enables seamless communication between all sensors, intelligent electronic devices (IEDs), and application systems, that is, information is fully understood between all of these devices and systems, enabling devices and Interoperability between devices, between devices and systems, between systems and systems. This requires the cooperation of power companies, equipment manufacturers and standards-setting organizations to achieve the interconnection of communication systems.
Measurement technology parameter measurement technology is the basic component of smart grid. Advanced parameter measurement technology obtains data and converts it into data information for use in all aspects of smart grid. They assess the health of the grid equipment and the integrity of the grid, read metering, eliminate electricity bill estimates, and prevent electricity theft, slow grid congestion, and communication with users.
The future smart grid will eliminate all electromagnetic meters and their reading systems, and instead will be smart solid-state meters that enable the power company to communicate with users in both directions. The microprocessor-based smart meter will have more functions, in addition to measuring the use of electricity and electricity bills at different times of the day, as well as the peak power price signals and electricity tariffs issued by the storage power company, and notifying users of what to implement. Rate policy. More advanced features include a user-defined rate schedule that automatically controls the user's internal power usage.
For power companies, parametric measurement technology provides more data support to power system operators and planners, including power factor, power quality, phase relationship (WAMS), equipment health and capability, meter damage, and failure. Data on positioning, transformer and line loads, temperature of critical components, power outage confirmation, power consumption and forecasting. The new software system will collect, store, analyze and process this data for use by other utilities in the power company.
Future digital protection will be embedded in computer agents, greatly improving reliability. A computer agent is an autonomous and interactive adaptive software module. The wide area monitoring system, protection and control solution will integrate digital protection, advanced communication technologies and computer agents. In such an integrated distributed protection system, the protection elements can adaptively communicate with each other. Such flexibility and adaptability greatly improve reliability, because even if some systems fail, others have computer agents. The protection element still protects the system.
Equipment Technology Smart grids should be widely used in advanced equipment technology to greatly improve the performance of transmission and distribution systems. Future devices in the smart grid will be fully applied to the latest research in materials, superconductivity, energy storage, power electronics and microelectronics technology to improve power density, power supply reliability and power quality, as well as power production efficiency.
In the future, the smart grid will mainly use three advanced technologies: power electronics technology, superconducting technology and large-capacity energy storage technology. Improve power quality by adopting new technologies and finding the best balance between grid and load characteristics. Improve grid delivery capacity and reliability by applying and retrofitting a wide range of advanced equipment, such as those based on power electronics and new conductor technologies. Many new energy storage devices and power supplies should be introduced in the distribution system, and new network structures such as microgrids should be utilized.
The economical FACTS device will utilize low-cost power semiconductor devices that are more controllable than existing semiconductor devices, making these advanced devices widely available. Distributed generation will be widely used, and multiple units will be connected through a communication system to form a schedulable virtual power plant. Superconducting technology will be used in short-circuit current limiters, energy storage, low-loss rotating equipment, and low-loss cables. Advanced metering and communication technologies will enable the application of demand response.
The new energy storage technology will be applied as a distributed energy source or a large centralized power plant. Large power plants and distributed power supplies have different characteristics, and they must coordinate organic integration to optimize costs, increase efficiency and reliability, and reduce environmental impact.
Control technology Advanced control technology refers to devices and algorithms in the smart grid that analyze, diagnose, and predict states and determine and take appropriate actions to eliminate, mitigate, and prevent power interruptions and power quality disturbances. These technologies will provide control methods for transmission, distribution and user side and can manage the active and reactive power of the entire grid. To some extent, advanced control technology relies on and serves four other key technology areas, such as advanced control technology to monitor basic components (parametric measurement technology), providing timely and appropriate response (integrated communication technology; advanced equipment) Technology) and rapid diagnosis of any event (advanced decision making technology). In addition, advanced control technology supports market quotation technology and improves asset management.
The analysis and diagnostic functions of future advanced control technologies will introduce pre-set expert systems to take automatic control actions within the limits allowed by the expert system. The actions thus performed will be at the level of the second level, and the characteristics of this self-healing grid will greatly improve the reliability of the grid. Of course, advanced control technology requires an integrated high-speed communication system and corresponding communication standards to handle large amounts of data. Advanced control technology will support distributed intelligent agent software, analysis tools and other application software.
(1) Collecting data and monitoring grid components Advanced control technology will use the system and user parameters measured by smart sensors, intelligent electronic devices and other analytical tools, and the status of the grid components to evaluate the state of the entire system. Real-time data is of great significance for mastering the overall operation of the grid. At the same time, the vector measurement unit and the time signal of the global satellite positioning system are used to realize the early warning of the grid.
(2) Analytical data Quasi-real-time data and powerful computer processing capabilities provide software analysis tools with the ability to rapidly expand and progress. State estimation and emergency analysis will complete the analysis at the second rather than the minute level, giving advanced control technology and system operators enough time to respond to urgent problems; expert systems turn data into information for rapid decision making; load forecasting will Apply these quasi-real-time data and improved weather forecasting techniques to accurately predict the load; probabilistic risk analysis will become a routine task to determine the level of risk of the grid during equipment overhaul, during periods of high system stress, and when undesired power outages occur; Modeling and simulation enable operators to understand the exact scenarios of the grid.
(3) Diagnosing and Solving Problems Quasi-real-time data processed by high-speed computers enables expert diagnosis to determine solutions to existing, evolving, and potential problems, and submit them to system operators for judgment.
(4) Actions to perform automatic control The combination of real-time communication systems and advanced analysis techniques makes it possible to perform automatic control actions for problem detection and response. It also reduces the expansion of existing problems and prevents emergencies. Modify system settings, status, and trends to prevent forecasting problems from occurring.
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Basic introduction There are three milestones in the development of the smart grid concept:
The first is the "smart grid" solution proposed by IBM in the United States in 2006. IBM's smart grid is mainly to solve the safe operation of the grid and improve reliability. It can be seen from the white paper “Building Smart Grid Innovation Operation Management – ​​New Ideas for China's Power Development†released in China. The solution mainly includes the following aspects: The first is to increase the degree of digitization through sensors to connect assets and equipment; the second is the data integration system and data collection system; the third is the ability to conduct analysis, that is, based on the data already available for correlation analysis to optimize operation and management. The program provides a large framework, through the optimal management of all aspects of power production, transportation and retail, which provides a blueprint for related companies to improve operational efficiency and reliability, and reduce costs. It is a marketing strategy of IBM.
The second is the energy plan proposed by Obama after he took office. In addition to the announced plan, the United States will focus on upgrading the grid system that consumes $120 billion per year in circuit loss and fault repair, establishing the US across four time zones. Unified power grid; develop smart grid industry, maximize the value and efficiency of the US national grid, and gradually realize unified network management of solar, wind and geothermal energy in the United States; comprehensively promote distributed energy management and create the world's highest energy efficiency .
It can be seen that the US government's smart grid has three purposes. One is because the US grid equipment is relatively backward, and it is urgent to carry out renovation and transformation to improve the reliability of grid operation. Second, it is to pull the US out of the financial crisis through smart grid construction; Improve energy efficiency.
The third is the interactive grid proposed by Chinese energy expert Wu Jiandong. The interactive grid, English is Interactive Smart Grid, which covers the meaning of the smart grid. The interactive grid is defined as: based on the open and interconnected information model, through the loading system Digital equipment and upgraded grid network management system to realize intelligent, informational and hierarchical interactive management of power industry, such as power generation, transmission, power supply, electricity consumption, customer sales, grid dispatching, and integrated services. The comprehensive efficiency change of the revolution, the technological revolution and the management revolution will re-create the information loop of the power grid, build a new user feedback method, promote the overall transformation of the power grid into energy-saving infrastructure, improve energy efficiency, reduce customer costs, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To maximize the value of the grid.
The interactive grid can also form a network interaction and instant connection between users, users and grid companies through electronic terminals, realizing the real-time, high-speed, two-way overall effect of power data reading, realizing power, telecommunications, television, smart home appliance control. Multi-purpose development with integrated battery charging, realizing the resale of users' rich energy; integrating data in the system, improving the integration of the central power system, achieving effective critical load protection, realizing various power sources and customer terminals and power grids Seamless interconnection, which can optimize the management of the grid, upgrade the grid to a new mode of interactive operation, form a new service function of the grid, and improve the reliability, availability and overall efficiency of the entire grid.
The interactive grid is not only the basic model of the next generation global grid, but also the core of China's grid modernization. In fact, the essence of the interactive grid is energy substitution, compatible utilization and interactive economy. Technically, the interactive grid should be the most advanced integration of communications, IT, energy, new materials, sensors and other industries. It is also the distribution network technology, network technology, communication technology, sensor technology, power electronics technology, energy storage technology. Synthesis has a direct and integrated effect on promoting the new technological revolution. Thus, the smart grid is characterized by reliability, self-healing, economy, compatibility, integration and security. I believe that the essence of the interactive grid theory is to promote the most important property of the industrial revolution with the generative standards and technical means of the information revolution - the innovation and upgrading of the power grid system, and the interaction between consumers and grid managers.
The function of the interactive power grid and the social significance of the interactive grid theory is to use the information revolutionary standards and technical means to promote the most important asset of the industrial revolution - the innovation and upgrading of the power grid system, the establishment of consumer and grid management Interaction between people. The functions of the interactive grid include: First, the smart grid can realize intelligent transmission of data in two-way interaction, implementing a dynamic floating price system; second, it can use sensors to monitor the operating status of key equipment such as power generation, transmission, distribution, and power supply in real time. Data integration, when encountering the peak period of power supply, can timely dispatch between different regions, balance the power supply gap, so as to achieve optimal management of the entire power system operation; third, the smart grid can access new alternative energy sources Grid, such as solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, etc., to achieve distributed energy management; Fourth, it can improve power supply efficiency, reduce energy loss, improve power supply quality, and solve the commercial operation of power grids; fifth, smart meters can be used as Internet routers to promote the power sector Based on its end users, it conducts communication, broadband services or broadcasts television signals.
To this end, the deep revolution and energy revolution of the IT industry will become twin brothers, and the smart grid reform will promote the deep diffusion of the global energy revolution. By building an interactive grid, the IT revolution will be pushed into the innovation phase; consumers will be provided with a better path to reduce energy consumption; they will save costs for the entire society, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and promote a green economy.
Wu Jiandong believes that defining a concept to liberate an era, grasping a concept to renew the potential of an industry, and defining the concept of grid informationization is the basic premise for determining the modernization of a national grid. China's power grid upgrade route should be defined as the transformation of the interactive power grid. The development of the interactive power grid is a new industrial revolution, technological revolution and management revolution of the global industry and information industry. It should be based on this to formulate the strategic development of China's high starting point of power grid modernization. route.
Historical Development In 2005, Campbell invented a technology that used the principle of (Swarm group behavior) to coordinate the electrical appliances in the building and reduce the electricity consumption of the building during peak hours. Campbell invented a wireless controller that was connected to the building's appliances and enabled for effective control. For example, an air conditioner operates for 15 minutes to maintain the indoor temperature at 24 ° C; while the other two air conditioners may be out of service for 15 minutes while maintaining the indoor temperature. In this way, the energy saving goals of the entire building can be achieved without sacrificing each individual. This technology gives electrical appliances intelligence and improves energy efficiency.
In 2006, the European Council's Energy Green Paper "A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy" emphasizes that smart grid technology is a key technology and development to ensure the power quality of the EU grid. direction. At this time, the smart grid should refer to the automation technology in the transmission and distribution process.
In mid-2006, a company called GridPoint recently began selling an electronic product that could be used to monitor the power consumption of household circuits. It can adjust the electricity consumption of household appliances through Internet communication technology. This electronic product has a part of the interaction and can be seen as an infrastructure in the smart grid.
In 2006, IBM Corporation of the United States worked with global power professional research institutes and power companies to develop a "smart grid" solution. This program is likened to the “central nervous system†of the power system. Power companies can automatically monitor the grid, use sensors, meters, digital controls and analysis tools to optimize grid performance, prevent power outages, and restore power more quickly. Consumers' management of power usage can also be refined to each networked device. This can be seen as the most complete solution for the smart grid, marking the official birth of the smart grid concept.
In October 2007, East China Power Grid officially launched the Smart Grid Feasibility Study Project and planned a “three-step†strategy from 2008 to 2030, namely: the initial completion of the grid advanced dispatch center in 2010 and the full completion in 2020. A digital grid with preliminary intelligent features will truly build a smart grid with self-healing capabilities in 2030. The launch of the project marks the beginning of China's entry into the smart grid sector.
In 2008, Boulder, Colorado, became the first smart grid city in the United States. Every household has a smart meter. People can intuitively understand the price of electricity at that time, so that they can do things like washing clothes. , ironing clothes, etc. are arranged in the period of low electricity price. Electricity meters can also help people prioritize the use of clean energy such as wind and solar power. At the same time, the substation can collect electricity usage from each household. Once there is a problem, you can re-equip it with electricity.
In September 2008, Google and General Electric jointly issued a statement announcing that they are jointly developing a clean energy business, the core of which is to build a national smart grid for the United States.
On January 25, 2009, the White House's latest "Recovery Scale Report" announced that it would lay or renew 3,000-mile transmission lines and install smart meters for 40 million American homes - the United States will promote the overall revolution of the interactive grid. On February 2, Wu Jiandong, an expert on independent energy issues, clearly stated in the article “Integrating the Interactive Power Grid Revolution to Drive Economic Innovation and Transformation†that China's power grid urgently needs to implement the “interactive grid†revolutionary transformation.
On February 4, 2009, the Mediterranean island country Malta announced an agreement with IBM on Wednesday, the two sides agreed to establish a "smart public system" to digitize the country's power grid and water supply system. IBM and its partners will replace 50,000 ordinary electric meters in Malta with interactive meters, so that Malta's power plants can monitor electricity in real time and set different electricity prices to reward users who save electricity. The project is worth $91 million (70 million euros), including the creation of a sensor network in the grid. This sensor network, along with power lines, power stations, and other infrastructure, provides data that allows power plants to more efficiently distribute power and detect potential problems. IBM will provide software to collect analytical data to help power plants identify opportunities, reduce costs and emissions from carbon-intensive power plants in the country.
On February 10, 2009, Google said it has begun testing a power monitoring software called Google Power Meter. This is a beta online dashboard that is equivalent to Google being a public infrastructure for the information age.
On February 28, 2009, as part of the intelligent power grid construction of North China Company, the steady state, dynamic and transient trinity security defense and the whole process power generation control system of North China Power Grid passed the acceptance of the expert group in Beijing. For the first time, this system integrates the previously dispersed energy management system, power grid wide-area dynamic monitoring system, and online stability analysis and early warning system. The dispatcher can realize panoramic monitoring of the comprehensive operation of the power grid without frequent switching between different systems and platforms. And get assisted decision support. In addition, the system can effectively improve the standardization and process level of the grid-connected power plant management by setting up the grid-connected power plant management assessment and auxiliary service market quality analysis platform.
On March 3, 2009, Google said to the US Congress that it would adopt a non-monopoly standard when building a "Smart Grid."
The goal of the smart target smart grid is to achieve reliable, safe, economical, efficient, environmentally friendly and safe use of the grid. The grid can achieve these goals and can be called the smart grid. Smart grids must be more reliable—smart grids provide reliable power when and where users are. It raises sufficient warnings about possible problems with the grid and can tolerate most grid disturbances without powering down. It takes effective corrective action before the user is affected by a power outage to protect the grid user from power interruptions.
Smart grids must be more secure—smart grids can withstand physical and network attacks without large outages or high recovery costs. It is less susceptible to natural disasters. Smart grids must be more economical – smart grids operate under the basic rules of supply and demand balance, with fair prices and adequate supply. Smart grids must be more efficient—smart grids use investments to control costs, reduce power transmission and distribution losses, and make power production and asset utilization more efficient. By controlling the flow method, the transmission power is congested and the low-cost power supply is allowed to include access to renewable energy.
Smart grids must be more environmentally friendly – ​​smart grids reduce environmental impact through innovations in power generation, transmission, distribution, energy storage and consumption. Further expand access to renewable energy. Where possible, in future designs, smart grid assets will take up less land and reduce the actual impact on the landscape. Smart grids must be safe to use—the smart grid must not harm the public or grid workers, that is, the use of electricity must be safe.
Key Features The smart grid consists of eight main features that functionally describe the characteristics of the grid, rather than the specific technology of the final application, which form a complete picture of the smart grid.
The smart grid is a self-healing grid. "Self-healing" refers to isolating the problematic components of the grid from the system and allowing the system to quickly return to normal operation with little or no human intervention, thus virtually uninterrupting the power supply to the user. In essence, self-healing is the "immune system" of the smart grid. This is the most important feature of the smart grid. The self-healing grid conducts continuous online self-assessment to predict possible problems with the grid, identify existing or evolving issues, and immediately take steps to control or correct them. The self-healing grid ensures the reliability, safety, power quality and efficiency of the grid. The self-healing grid will minimize the interruption of power supply services, fully apply data acquisition technology, implement decision support algorithms, avoid or limit the interruption of power supply, and quickly restore power supply services. Probabilistic risk assessment based on real-time measurements will identify the equipment, power plants, and lines that are most likely to fail; real-time emergency analysis will determine the overall health of the grid, trigger early warnings that may lead to grid failures, and determine if an immediate inspection or take is needed Corresponding measures; communication with local and remote devices will help analyze faults, voltage drops, poor power quality, overload and other undesirable system conditions, based on these analyses, taking appropriate control actions. Self-healing grids often use a network design approach that connects multiple power supplies. When a fault occurs or other problems occur, advanced sensors in the grid equipment determine the fault and communicate with nearby equipment to remove the faulty component or quickly switch the user to another reliable power source, while the sensor has The ability to detect the precursor of the fault, notify the system of the condition of the equipment before the fault actually occurs, and the system will promptly provide early warning information.
Smart grid incentives and include users. In the smart grid, users will be an integral part of the power system. Encouraging and facilitating user participation in the operation and management of power systems is another important feature of smart grids. From the perspective of the smart grid, the user's needs are completely another manageable resource, which will help balance the supply and demand relationship and ensure the reliability of the system; from the user's point of view, power consumption is an economical Choosing, by participating in the operation and management of the grid, correcting the way in which it uses and purchases electricity, thereby achieving tangible benefits. In a smart grid, users will adjust their consumption based on their power needs and the balance of their ability to meet their needs. At the same time, the Demand Response (DR) program will meet the basic needs of users with more choices in energy purchases. The ability to reduce or shift peak power demand allows utilities to minimize capital expenditures and operating expenses by reducing line losses and reducing inefficiencies. The operation of the peaking power plant also provides a large number of environmental benefits. In the smart grid, the two-way real-time communication system established with the user is the basis for encouraging and promoting the active participation of users in the operation and management of the power system. Real-time notification of users' costs of power consumption, real-time electricity prices, current status of the grid, planned power outages, and other services, and users can also develop their own power usage plans based on this information.
The smart grid will defend against attacks. Grid security requires a system-wide solution that reduces the vulnerability to physical and cyber attacks on the grid and quickly recovers from power outages. The smart grid will demonstrate the ability to recover quickly after an attack, even from attackers who are determined and well-equipped. The design and operation of the smart grid will prevent attacks, minimize their consequences and quickly restore power services. Smart grids can also withstand attacks on several parts of the power system and multiple coordinated attacks over time. Smart grid security strategies will include deterrence, prevention, detection, and response to minimize and mitigate the impact on the grid and economic development. Regardless of whether it is a physical attack or a network attack, the smart grid should strengthen the ability of the smart grid to withstand risks by strengthening the close communication of major threat information between the power company and the government, emphasizing security risks in the power grid planning, and strengthening network security.
Smart grids provide power quality that meets the needs of users in the 21st century. Power quality indicators include voltage offset, frequency offset, three-phase imbalance, harmonics, flicker, voltage dips, and surges. Due to the digitization of electrical equipment, it is more and more sensitive to power quality. Power quality problems can lead to the suspension of production lines and significant losses to social and economic development. Therefore, providing power quality that meets the needs of users in the 21st century is another Important features. However, the issue of power quality is not a problem for power companies. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate new power quality standards and classify power quality because not all commercial enterprise users and residential users need the same power quality. Power quality can be graded from "standard" to "high quality", depending on the consumer's needs, it will balance the sensitivity of the load with the power quality of the power supply at a reasonable price level. The smart grid will provide different levels of power quality at different price levels to meet the user's demand for different power quality levels, and at the same time to write high quality and good prices into the contract for power services.
Smart grids will alleviate power quality events from transmission and distribution systems. Monitor the basic components of the grid with its advanced control methods to quickly diagnose and accurately propose solutions to any power quality event. In addition, the design of smart grids should also consider the reduction of power quality disturbances caused by lightning, switching currents, line faults and harmonic sources, as well as the latest research results of power electronics technology using superconductivity, materials, energy storage and improving power quality. The issue of power quality. In addition, the smart grid will adopt technical and management measures to protect the grid from the quality of power caused by the user's electronic load, and will limit the harmonic current generated by the user's load to the grid by monitoring and implementing relevant standards. In addition, the smart grid will use appropriate filters to prevent harmonic pollution from being sent to the grid, degrading the power quality of the grid.
The smart grid will allow access to a variety of different types of power generation and energy storage systems. The smart grid will safely and seamlessly allow various types of power generation and energy storage systems to access the system, simplifying the networking process, similar to “plug and playâ€, which poses a serious challenge to the power grid. Improved interconnect standards will make it easy to access a wide range of power generation and energy storage systems. From small to large, different capacities of power generation and energy storage can be interconnected at all voltage levels, including distributed power sources such as photovoltaics, wind power, advanced battery systems, plug-in hybrid vehicles and fuel cells. It is easier and more profitable for commercial users to install their own power generation equipment (including efficient cogeneration units) and power storage facilities. In smart grids, large centralized power plants, including environmentally friendly power sources, such as wind power and large solar power plants and advanced nuclear power plants, will continue to play an important role. Strengthening the construction of transmission systems has enabled these large power plants to still deliver electricity over long distances. At the same time, the access of various distributed power sources on the one hand reduces the dependence on external energy sources, on the other hand, it improves the reliability of power supply and the quality of power, especially corresponding to war and terrorist attacks.
The smart grid will make the power market boom. In the smart grid, advanced equipment and a wide range of communication systems support the operation of the market in each time period and provide sufficient data for market participants, so the power market infrastructure and its technical support system are booming in the electricity market. The key factor for development. Through the interaction of supply and demand in the market, the smart grid can most effectively manage parameters such as energy, capacity, capacity change rate, and power flow blockage, reduce trend blockage, expand the market, and bring together more buyers and sellers. Users can feel the price increase through real-time quotation, which will reduce power demand, promote lower cost solutions, and promote the development of new technologies. New clean energy products will also provide more choices for the market.
Smart grids optimize their asset applications to make operations more efficient. Smart grid optimization adjusts the management and operation of its grid assets to deliver the desired functionality at the lowest cost. This does not mean that assets will be used continuously to their limits, but to effectively manage what assets are needed and when they are needed. Each asset will be well integrated with all other assets to maximize its function. While reducing costs. Smart grids will apply the latest technology to optimize the application of their assets. For example, through dynamic assessment techniques to enable assets to perform at their best, they can be used under greater load by continuously monitoring and evaluating their capabilities.
The smart grid realizes the online condition monitoring of the running equipment through the high-speed communication network to obtain the running state of the equipment, and gives the signal of the equipment to be repaired at the most appropriate time, realizes the state maintenance of the equipment, and at the same time makes the equipment run in an optimal state. The system's controls can be adjusted to reduce losses and eliminate jamming. Through these adjustments to the system control unit, the lowest cost energy delivery system is selected to increase the efficiency of operation. Optimal capacity, optimal conditions and optimal operation will greatly reduce the cost of grid operation. In addition, advanced information technology will provide a large amount of data and data, and will be integrated into existing enterprise-wide systems, greatly enhancing its ability to optimize the operation and maintenance process. This information will provide designers with better tools to create the best design to provide planners with the data they need to improve their grid planning capabilities and levels. In this way, operating and maintenance costs and investment in grid construction will be managed more effectively.
Communication technology to establish a high-speed, two-way, real-time, integrated communication system is the basis for the realization of smart grid. Without such a communication system, the characteristics of any smart grid cannot be realized, because the data acquisition, protection and control of the smart grid require such communication. The support of the system, so the establishment of such a communication system is the first step towards the smart grid. At the same time, the communication system should be as deep as the grid to thousands of households, thus forming two closely connected networks—the grid and the communication network. Only in this way can the goals and main features of the smart grid be realized. The figure below shows the relationship between the grid and the communication network. The high-speed, two-way, real-time, integrated communication system makes the smart grid a large, dynamic, real-time information and power exchange interaction infrastructure. When such a communication system is completed, it can improve the power supply reliability and asset utilization of the power grid, prosper the power market, and resist attacks on the power grid, thereby increasing the value of the power grid.
With the completion of the high-speed two-way communication system, the smart grid achieves its most important feature—self-healing characteristics—by continuously self-monitoring and correcting, applying advanced information technology. It can also monitor various disturbances, compensate, redistribute the flow, and avoid accidents. The high-speed two-way communication system enables various intelligent electronic devices (IEDs), smart meters, control centers, power electronic controllers, protection systems, and users to communicate in a network, improving the ability to control the power grid and the level of quality service.
There are two main aspects of technology in this technology area that need to be focused on. One is the open communication architecture, which forms a “plug and play†environment that enables networked communication between grid components. A unified technical standard that enables seamless communication between all sensors, intelligent electronic devices (IEDs), and application systems, that is, information is fully understood between all of these devices and systems, enabling devices and Interoperability between devices, between devices and systems, between systems and systems. This requires the cooperation of power companies, equipment manufacturers and standards-setting organizations to achieve the interconnection of communication systems.
Measurement technology parameter measurement technology is the basic component of smart grid. Advanced parameter measurement technology obtains data and converts it into data information for use in all aspects of smart grid. They assess the health of the grid equipment and the integrity of the grid, read metering, eliminate electricity bill estimates, and prevent electricity theft, slow grid congestion, and communication with users.
The future smart grid will eliminate all electromagnetic meters and their reading systems, and instead will be smart solid-state meters that enable the power company to communicate with users in both directions. The microprocessor-based smart meter will have more functions, in addition to measuring the use of electricity and electricity bills at different times of the day, as well as the peak power price signals and electricity tariffs issued by the storage power company, and notifying users of what to implement. Rate policy. More advanced features include a user-defined rate schedule that automatically controls the user's internal power usage.
For power companies, parametric measurement technology provides more data support to power system operators and planners, including power factor, power quality, phase relationship (WAMS), equipment health and capability, meter damage, and failure. Data on positioning, transformer and line loads, temperature of critical components, power outage confirmation, power consumption and forecasting. The new software system will collect, store, analyze and process this data for use by other utilities in the power company.
Future digital protection will be embedded in computer agents, greatly improving reliability. A computer agent is an autonomous and interactive adaptive software module. The wide area monitoring system, protection and control solution will integrate digital protection, advanced communication technologies and computer agents. In such an integrated distributed protection system, the protection elements can adaptively communicate with each other. Such flexibility and adaptability greatly improve reliability, because even if some systems fail, others have computer agents. The protection element still protects the system.
Equipment Technology Smart grids should be widely used in advanced equipment technology to greatly improve the performance of transmission and distribution systems. Future devices in the smart grid will be fully applied to the latest research in materials, superconductivity, energy storage, power electronics and microelectronics technology to improve power density, power supply reliability and power quality, as well as power production efficiency.
In the future, the smart grid will mainly use three advanced technologies: power electronics technology, superconducting technology and large-capacity energy storage technology. Improve power quality by adopting new technologies and finding the best balance between grid and load characteristics. Improve grid delivery capacity and reliability by applying and retrofitting a wide range of advanced equipment, such as those based on power electronics and new conductor technologies. Many new energy storage devices and power supplies should be introduced in the distribution system, and new network structures such as microgrids should be utilized.
The economical FACTS device will utilize low-cost power semiconductor devices that are more controllable than existing semiconductor devices, making these advanced devices widely available. Distributed generation will be widely used, and multiple units will be connected through a communication system to form a schedulable virtual power plant. Superconducting technology will be used in short-circuit current limiters, energy storage, low-loss rotating equipment, and low-loss cables. Advanced metering and communication technologies will enable the application of demand response.
The new energy storage technology will be applied as a distributed energy source or a large centralized power plant. Large power plants and distributed power supplies have different characteristics, and they must coordinate organic integration to optimize costs, increase efficiency and reliability, and reduce environmental impact.
Control technology Advanced control technology refers to devices and algorithms in the smart grid that analyze, diagnose, and predict states and determine and take appropriate actions to eliminate, mitigate, and prevent power interruptions and power quality disturbances. These technologies will provide control methods for transmission, distribution and user side and can manage the active and reactive power of the entire grid. To some extent, advanced control technology relies on and serves four other key technology areas, such as advanced control technology to monitor basic components (parametric measurement technology), providing timely and appropriate response (integrated communication technology; advanced equipment) Technology) and rapid diagnosis of any event (advanced decision making technology). In addition, advanced control technology supports market quotation technology and improves asset management.
The analysis and diagnostic functions of future advanced control technologies will introduce pre-set expert systems to take automatic control actions within the limits allowed by the expert system. The actions thus performed will be at the level of the second level, and the characteristics of this self-healing grid will greatly improve the reliability of the grid. Of course, advanced control technology requires an integrated high-speed communication system and corresponding communication standards to handle large amounts of data. Advanced control technology will support distributed intelligent agent software, analysis tools and other application software.
(1) Collecting data and monitoring grid components Advanced control technology will use the system and user parameters measured by smart sensors, intelligent electronic devices and other analytical tools, and the status of the grid components to evaluate the state of the entire system. Real-time data is of great significance for mastering the overall operation of the grid. At the same time, the vector measurement unit and the time signal of the global satellite positioning system are used to realize the early warning of the grid.
(2) Analytical data Quasi-real-time data and powerful computer processing capabilities provide software analysis tools with the ability to rapidly expand and progress. State estimation and emergency analysis will complete the analysis at the second rather than the minute level, giving advanced control technology and system operators enough time to respond to urgent problems; expert systems turn data into information for rapid decision making; load forecasting will Apply these quasi-real-time data and improved weather forecasting techniques to accurately predict the load; probabilistic risk analysis will become a routine task to determine the level of risk of the grid during equipment overhaul, during periods of high system stress, and when undesired power outages occur; Modeling and simulation enable operators to understand the exact scenarios of the grid.
(3) Diagnosing and Solving Problems Quasi-real-time data processed by high-speed computers enables expert diagnosis to determine solutions to existing, evolving, and potential problems, and submit them to system operators for judgment.
(4) Actions to perform automatic control The combination of real-time communication systems and advanced analysis techniques makes it possible to perform automatic control actions for problem detection and response. It also reduces the expansion of existing problems and prevents emergencies. Modify system settings, status, and trends to prevent forecasting problems from occurring.
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